Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 14 Activates Zymogens of Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs)—A CleavEx Based Analysis

doi: 10.3390/ijms21124383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Identification of the KLK14 hydrolysis sites within the CleavEx proMMP protein. CleavEx proMMP fusion proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred for N-terminal sequencing. Identified sequences are represented in the bold font and the underscore denotes where the location of the expected activation cleavage P1-P1′ in the proMMP-derived sequence.

Article Snippet: A total of 0.5 μg native proMMP2 (catalog no. 902-MP-010, R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom), 0.5 μg proMMP14 (catalog no. 918-MP-010, R&D Systems), 1 μg proMMP15 (catalog no. 916-MP-010, R&D Systems), 0.5 μg proMMP16 (catalog no. 1785-MP-010, R&D Systems), and 1 μg proMMP17 (catalog no. 7796-MP-010, R&D Systems) were separately incubated in 10 μL with a range of KLK14 concentrations (25–250 nM, with molar ratios from around 1:65 to 1:10 KLK14:MMP) in the presence of 5 μM batimastat (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C in PBS.

Techniques: Sequencing, Activation Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 14 Activates Zymogens of Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs)—A CleavEx Based Analysis

doi: 10.3390/ijms21124383

Figure Lengend Snippet: N-terminal identification of KLK14-mediated processing of recombinant proMMPs. The KLK14 hydrolysis product sequences were analyzed by N-terminal sequencing using Edman degradation. The bold font denotes the amino acid sequences identified. The underscored residues represent changes to the native protein sequence, as reported by the manufacturer (R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom). KLK14 recognized the sequence 3-aa upstream of the native MMP17 activation site, likely because the native site was modified by the manufacturer. All residues are numbered according to the Uniprot reported sequence of the full-length proteins. Bands are labeled according to the notation explained at Figure 2 .

Article Snippet: A total of 0.5 μg native proMMP2 (catalog no. 902-MP-010, R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom), 0.5 μg proMMP14 (catalog no. 918-MP-010, R&D Systems), 1 μg proMMP15 (catalog no. 916-MP-010, R&D Systems), 0.5 μg proMMP16 (catalog no. 1785-MP-010, R&D Systems), and 1 μg proMMP17 (catalog no. 7796-MP-010, R&D Systems) were separately incubated in 10 μL with a range of KLK14 concentrations (25–250 nM, with molar ratios from around 1:65 to 1:10 KLK14:MMP) in the presence of 5 μM batimastat (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C in PBS.

Techniques: Recombinant, Sequencing, Activation Assay, Modification, Labeling

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 14 Activates Zymogens of Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs)—A CleavEx Based Analysis

doi: 10.3390/ijms21124383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gelatin zymography of proMMPs by KLK14-mediated processing. Activation of proMMPs by KLK14 results in a fully functional mature enzyme. Each proMMP was incubated with the indicated concentrations of KLK14 for 1 h at 37 °C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of KLK14-specific inhibitors, and the reaction mixture was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, followed by a zymogram with gelatin as a substrate. The proMMP2 ( A ) negative control was not activated. ProMMP14 ( B ), proMMP15 ( C ), and proMMP16 ( D ) were activated, whereas proMMP17 ( E ) did not show hydrolysis of gelatin; yet a shift corresponding to the loss of the profragment was observed (note that an amino acid substitution was introduced in proMMP17 by the manufacturer (R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom)). KLK = kallikrein-related peptidase; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase.

Article Snippet: A total of 0.5 μg native proMMP2 (catalog no. 902-MP-010, R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom), 0.5 μg proMMP14 (catalog no. 918-MP-010, R&D Systems), 1 μg proMMP15 (catalog no. 916-MP-010, R&D Systems), 0.5 μg proMMP16 (catalog no. 1785-MP-010, R&D Systems), and 1 μg proMMP17 (catalog no. 7796-MP-010, R&D Systems) were separately incubated in 10 μL with a range of KLK14 concentrations (25–250 nM, with molar ratios from around 1:65 to 1:10 KLK14:MMP) in the presence of 5 μM batimastat (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C in PBS.

Techniques: Zymography, Activation Assay, Functional Assay, Incubation, SDS Page, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 14 Activates Zymogens of Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs)—A CleavEx Based Analysis

doi: 10.3390/ijms21124383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primers used for generating the proMMP CleavEx fusion proteins using mutagenesis.

Article Snippet: A total of 0.5 μg native proMMP2 (catalog no. 902-MP-010, R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom), 0.5 μg proMMP14 (catalog no. 918-MP-010, R&D Systems), 1 μg proMMP15 (catalog no. 916-MP-010, R&D Systems), 0.5 μg proMMP16 (catalog no. 1785-MP-010, R&D Systems), and 1 μg proMMP17 (catalog no. 7796-MP-010, R&D Systems) were separately incubated in 10 μL with a range of KLK14 concentrations (25–250 nM, with molar ratios from around 1:65 to 1:10 KLK14:MMP) in the presence of 5 μM batimastat (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C in PBS.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Sequencing

Journal: Cell Death and Differentiation

Article Title: Crenigacestat, a selective NOTCH1 inhibitor, reduces intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by blocking VEGFA/DLL4/MMP13 axis

doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-0505-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Western blot analysis and semiquantitative evaluation of DLL4, VEGFA, and CD31 expression in PDX mice tissues by densitometry analysis of protein bands reveals a downregulation of DLL4, VEGFA, and CD31 protein expression in PDX mice treated with GSI. The bands were measured compared with the housekeeping GAPDH protein band, for each tissue. Average value of DLL4, VEGFA, and CD31 expression levels among all mouse treated with LY3039478 or vehicle is reported in the graph. P value showed versus vehicle treatment. Tissues PDX mice n = 10 for vehicle treatment in gray, n = 10 for LY3039478 treatment in black. b Representative images with immunofluorescence staining show DLL4 and CD31 downregulation in representative images of PDX tissues treated with LY30349478. DLL4 (green) and CD31 (red) and overlapping staining (yellow) were immunolocalized in PDX tissues. The yellow arrows highlight the detail of the co-localization of DLL4 and CD31 in PDX tissues (#4, #14, #24) not treated with LY339478. DAPI, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole. c Immunofluorescence staining with MMP13 in red and nucleus in DAPI shown a significantly reduction of MMP13 in iCCA PDX tissues treated with LY3039478. Magnifications: ×20; inset ×60. d Representative images demonstrate a significant ( P < 0.001) destruction of the network created by the HUVECs following the treatment with LY3039478 (1 µM). The concomitant administration of MMP13 counteracts significantly ( P < 0.01) drug effectiveness.

Article Snippet: The recombinant protein MMP13 (R&D System, Minneapolis, MN) was used at 50 ng/ml.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Cell Death and Differentiation

Article Title: Crenigacestat, a selective NOTCH1 inhibitor, reduces intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by blocking VEGFA/DLL4/MMP13 axis

doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-0505-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Analysis of 31 primary tumors from iCCA patients and matched surrounding normal liver tissues downloaded from the GEO database (GSE107943). Mean expression data were expressed in RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase Million). *** P < 0.001 calculated with Student’s t test. b NOTCH1 gene and its pro-angiogenic targets are overexpressed in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Levels of NOTCH1, DLL4, VEGFA, and MMP13 mRNA were significantly more elevated in iCCA ( n = 42) than corresponding nontumorous surrounding livers (SL; n = 42), as detected by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Number target (NT) = 2 −ΔCt , wherein ΔCt value of each sample was calculated by subtracting the average Ct value of the gene of interest from the average Ct value of the β-actin gene. Mann–Whitney test: vs SL, P < 0.0001. c Expression of the NOTCH1 gene correlates with mRNA levels of putative target genes (HES1, DLL4, VEGFA, and MMP13) in a collection of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) samples ( n = 42). Linear regression analysis was used. d Representative expression patterns of CK19, NOTCH1, HES1, DDL4, and MMP13 in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) as detected by immunohistochemistry. Upper panels: CCA case (CCA1) showing strong, concomitant immunoreactivity for NOTCH1, HES1, DDL4, and MMP13. Lower panels: CCA specimens (CCA2) exhibiting low levels of NOTCH1, HES1, DDL4, and MMP13. As expected, both iCCA display robust immunolabeling for CK19 (a biliary marker). Magnification: ×200; scale bar = 100 μm. H&E hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Article Snippet: The recombinant protein MMP13 (R&D System, Minneapolis, MN) was used at 50 ng/ml.

Techniques: Expressing, Reverse Transcription, MANN-WHITNEY, Immunohistochemistry, Immunolabeling, Marker, Staining

Journal: Cell Death and Differentiation

Article Title: Crenigacestat, a selective NOTCH1 inhibitor, reduces intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by blocking VEGFA/DLL4/MMP13 axis

doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-0505-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Levels of tumor microvessel density (MVD) correlate with mRNA expression of NOTCH1 ( a ), HES1 ( b ), DLL4 ( c ), and MMP13 ( e ), but not with those of VEGFA ( d ), in a collection of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) samples ( n = 42). Linear regression analysis was used. f Representative examples of human iCCA specimens with high and low MVD.

Article Snippet: The recombinant protein MMP13 (R&D System, Minneapolis, MN) was used at 50 ng/ml.

Techniques: Expressing